The reinstatement effect in human predictive learningContextual modulation and the impact of extinction reminders

  1. A. Matías Gámez 1
  2. Rodolfo Bernal-Gamboa 2
  1. 1 Universidad de Cádiz
    info

    Universidad de Cádiz

    Cádiz, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04mxxkb11

  2. 2 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
    info

    Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

    Ciudad de México, México

    ROR https://ror.org/01tmp8f25

Revista:
The Spanish Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 1138-7416

Año de publicación: 2018

Número: 21

Páginas: 1-9

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.1017/SJP.2018.53 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: The Spanish Journal of Psychology

Resumen

One of the most relevant phenomena both from a theoretical and clinical perspective is extinction. In particular, several researchers are interested in the response recovery effects from extinction. Reinstatement is an effect that has been proposed as a laboratory model to study relapse from extinction-based therapeutic treatments. We designed two experiments with humans to evaluate the reinstatement effect in a predictive learning task. In both experiments, participants learned a specific relationship between two cues (X and Y) and two outcomes (O1 and O2) during the first phase. Throughout extinction, both cues were presented without outcomes. After an exposure to the original outcomes, reinstatement of the first-learned information was observed during testing in both experiments. However, we found that the reinstatement effect was contextual modulated (Experiment 1; ηp2 = .78, 90% CI [.48, .86], p < .0001). Furthermore, in Experiment 2 we showed a reduction of reinstatement when an extinction reminder was used ηp2 = .45, 90% CI [.07, .65], p = .012. Theoretical implications are discussed, and some potential uses are mentioned.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Bernal-Gamboa, R., Gámez, A. M., & Nieto, J. (2017). Reducing spontaneous recovery and reinstatement of operant performance through extinction-cues. Behavioural Processes, 135, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2016.11.010
  • Bouton, M. E. (1993). Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 80–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.80
  • Bouton, M. E. (1994). Conditioning, remembering, and forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 20, 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.20.3.219
  • Bouton, M. E. (1997). Signals for whether versus when an event will occur. In Bouton, M. E. & Fanselow, M. S. (Eds.), Learning, motivation, and cognition: The functional behaviorism of Robert C. Bolles (pp. 385–409). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Bouton, M. E. (2010). The multiple forms of context in associative learning. In Mesquita, B., Feldman Barret, L., & Smith, E. (Eds.), The Mind in Context (pp. 233–258). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Bouton, M. E. (2014). Why behavior change is difficult to sustain. Preventive Medicine, 68, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.010
  • Bouton, M. E., & Bolles, R. C. (1979). Contextual control of the extinction of conditioned fear. Learning and Motivation, 10, 445–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/0023-9690(79)90057-2.
  • Bouton, M. E., & King, D. A. (1983). Contextual control of the extinction of conditioned fear: Tests for the associative value of the context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1037//0097-7403.9.3.248
  • Bouton, M. E., & Peck, C. A. (1989). Context effects on conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement in an appetitive conditioning preparation. Animal Learning & Behavior, 17, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03207634
  • Bouton, M. E., & Swartzentruber, D. (1991). Sources of relapse after extinction in Pavlovian and instrumental learning. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(91)90091-8
  • Bouton, M. E., Winterbauer, N. E., & Vurbic, D. (2011). Context and extinction: Mechanisms of relapse in drug self-administration. In Haselgrove, M. & Hogarth, L. (Eds.), Clinical application of learning theory (pp. 103–133). East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.
  • Bouton, M. E., & Woods, A. M. (2008). Extinction: behavioral mechanisms and their implications. In Byrne, J. H., Sweatt, D., Menzel, R., Eichenbaum, H., & Roediger, H., (Eds.), Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference: Vol. 1, Learning theory and behaviour (pp. 151–171). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
  • Bouton, M. E., Woods, A. M., Moody, E. W., Sunsay, C., & García-Gutiérrez, A. (2006). Counteracting the context-dependence of extinction: Relapse and tests of some relapse prevention methods. In Craske, M. G., Hermans, D., & Vansteenwegen, D. (Eds.), Fear and learning: Basic science to clinical application (pp. 175–196). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Brooks, D. C., & Bouton, M. E. (1993). A retrieval cue for extinction attenuates spontaneous recovery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 19, 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.19.1.77
  • Brooks, D. C., & Bouton, M. E. (1994). A retrieval cue for extinction attenuates response recovery (renewal) caused by a return to the conditioning context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 20, 366–379. https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.20.4.366
  • Brooks, D. C., & Fava, D. A. (2017). An extinction cue reduces appetitive Pavlovian reinstatement in rats. Learning and Motivation, 58, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2017.04.002
  • Brooks, D. C., Palmatier, M. I., García, E. O., & Johnson, J. L. (1999). An extinction cue reduces spontaneous recovery of a conditioned taste aversion. Animal Learning & Behavior, 27, 77–88. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03199433
  • Collins, B. N., & Brandon, T. H. (2002). Effects of extinction context and retrieval cues on alcohol cue reactivity among nonalcoholic drinkers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.70.2.390
  • Craske, M. G., & Mystkowski, J. L. (2006). Exposure therapy and extinction: Clinical studies. In Craske, M. G., Hermans, D., & Vansteenwegen, D. (Eds.), Fear and learning: From basic processes to clinical implications (pp. 217–233). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Dibbets, P., Havermans, R., & Arntz, A. (2008). All we need is a cue to remember: the effect of an extinction cue on renewal. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1070–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.007
  • Dunsmoor, J. E., Niv, Y., Daw, N., & Phelps, E. A. (2015). Rethinking extinction. Neuron, 88, 47–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.028
  • Frohardt, R. J., Guarraci, F. A., & Bouton, M. E. (2000). The effects of neurotoxic hippocampal lesions on two effects of context after fear extinction. Behavioral Neuroscience, 114, 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7044.114.2.227
  • Gámez, A. M., & Bernal-Gamboa, R. (2018). Reinstatement of instrumental actions in humans: Possible mechanisms and their implications to prevent it. Acta Psychologica, 183, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.12.012
  • García-Gutiérrez, A., Rosas, J. M. (2003). Context change as the mechanism of reinstatement in causal learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 29, 292–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.29.4.292
  • García-Gutiérrez, A., Rosas, J. M., & Nelson, J. B. (2005). Extensive interference attenuates reinstatement in human predictive learning. The International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 18, 240–248.
  • Haaker, J., Golkar, A., Hermans, D., & Lonsdorf, T. B. (2014). A review on human reinstatement studies: An overview and methodological challenges. Learning and Memory, 21, 424–440. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.036053.114
  • LaBar, K. S., & Phelps, E. A. (2005). Reinstatement of conditioned fear in humans is context dependent and impaired in amnesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 119, 677–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.119.3.677
  • León, S. P., Abad, M. J. F., & Rosas, J. M. (2011). Context–outcome associations mediate context-switch effects in a human predictive learning task. Learning and Motivation, 42, 84–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2010.10.001
  • Le Pelley, M. E., (2004). The role of associative history in models of associative learning: A selective review and a hybrid model. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 193–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724990344000141
  • McConnell, B. L., & Miller, R. R. (2014). Associative accounts of recovery-from-extinction effects. Learning and Motivation, 46, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2014.01.003
  • Mystkowski, J. L., Craske, M. G., Echiverri, A. M., & Labus, J. S. (2006). Mental reinstatement of context and return of fear in spider-fearful individuals. BehaviourTherapy, 37, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2005.04.001
  • Nieto, J., Uengoer, M., & Bernal-Gamboa, R. (2017). A reminder of extinction reduces relapse in an animal model of voluntary behavior. Learning & Memory, 24, 76–80. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.044495.116
  • Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Pearce, J. M., & Bouton, M. E. (2001). Theories of associative learning in animals. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 111–139. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.111
  • Rescorla, R. A., & Heth, C. D. (1975). Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1, 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.1.1.88
  • Schiller, D., Cain, C. K., Curley, N. G., Schwartz, J. S., Stern, S. A., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (2008). Evidence for recovery of fear following immediate extinction in rats and humans. Learning & Memory, 15, 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.909208
  • Vansteenwegen, D., Vervliet, B., Hermans, D., Beckers, T., Baeyens, F., & Eelen, P. (2006). Stronger renewal in human fear conditioning when tested with an acquisition retrieval cue than with an extinction retrieval cue. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1717–1725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.014
  • Vervliet, B., Craske, M. G., & Hermans, D. (2013). Fear extinction and relapse: State of art. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 215–248. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185542
  • Vila, N. J., & Rosas, J. M. (2001). Reinstatement of acquisition performance by the presentation of the outcome after extinction in causality judgements. Behavioural Processes, 56, 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00197-8
  • Westbrook, R. F., Iordanova, M., McNally, G., Richardson, R., & Harris, J. A. (2002). Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus: Two roles for context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 28, 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1037//0097-7403.28.1.97
  • Willcocks, A. L., & McNally, G. P. (2014). An extinction retrieval cue attenuates renewal but not reacquisition of alcohol seeking. Behavioral Neuroscience, 128, 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035595
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet