Los sinismos en español

Resum

This dissertation deals with the study of linguistic borrowings from Chinese in Spanish and is comprised of six chapters. The first chapter is a brief introduction which describes the contact between the Spanish and Chinese languages and the study of the Spanish lexicon of Chinese origin (§1.1), a fact that highlights the necessity to present a work about this lexical group in Spanish (§1.2). Considering observations above, the corresponding objectives are established (§1.3) and the methodology is proposed in order to accomplish this research (§1.4). The second chapter presents the theoretical framework of the study. In the beginning of the chapter the concept of linguistic borrowing (§2.1.1) is briefly reviewed as well as the aspects directly related to the issues discussed below, including motivations (§2.1.2), types (§2.1.3) and some of the most representative classifications of lexical borrowings (§2.1.4). After a review of the literature, the characteristics of the object of study in this work are specified (§2.2.1). From these considerations, we introduce the concept of sinismo (§2.2.2) and a classification to divide the sinismos into sinismos integrales (loanwords), sinismos híbridos (loanblends) and sinismos de calco (loan translations) (§2.2.3). The third chapter is focused on the construction of a corpus of sinismos used in current Spanish. Following a previously established method, a exhaustive search in the previous works (§3.1) as well as in a selection of current Spanish dictionaries (§3.2) together with a critical analysis of the features of the extracted items is performed. After conducting the research, discussion (§3.3) and verification (§3.4) procedures, a corpus of sinismos in current Spanish according to its lexicographic treatment and its use is presented (§3.5). The next two chapters that represent the main part of the dissertation are strictly dedicated to the description and analysis of sinismos in current Spanish. Thus, the fourth chapter presents the statistical data obtained from multiple sources and their critical analysis, considering aforementioned lexical items from a quantitative perspective. This study considers aspects such as etymology (§4.1), including the etymological treatment that sinismos have received in some of the most representative general and etymological dictionaries of Spanish in the current context. Also, special attention is paid to the source languages of sinismos (§4.1.3), which is an important aspect that is usually omitted in Spanish lexicography when considering the etymology of the Chinese borrowings. Similarly, the usage labels review is conducted focusing on diatopic (§4.2.1) and diaphasic (§4.2.2) marks that sinismos represent in the four general dictionaries used. After these sections dedicated to the lexicographic treatment, the morphological analysis is conducted (§4.3). Since our concept of sinismos is not only limited to the sinismos integrales consisting of the importation (signifier and signified), but also implies sinismos híbridos formed by means of derivation and composition and sinismos de calco, it is necessary to measure and compare the productivity that each of sinismos integrales possesses (§4.3.2). In addition, we elucidate the grammatical category and the plural form of the items included in our corpus (§4.3.1). Afterwards, the study focuses on the semantic aspects (§4.4) analysing the word senses that corpus items possess (§4.4.1); similarly, we intend to describe the presence of Chinese culture in the Hispanic world through the classification of sinismos in 14 semantic fields (§4.4.2). The chapter closes with a section dedicated to the chronology (§4.5), based on the data obtained from the academic corpora and the NTLLE, accompanied by comments regarding the evolution of quantity and quality of sinismos in Spanish at each historical stage from the 16th century to the present day. The fifth chapter constitutes a set of specific studies on sinismos integrales. A detailed description of the analysis model (§5.1) that will be applied to each sinismo is provided. Based on the mentioned model and data extracted from wide range of Spanish, English and French dictionaries, a lexicological analysis from different perspectives is performed (§5.2). The last chapter presents the conclusions where the results of completed studies are summarized (§6.1), the application perspectives (§6.2.1) are briefly discussed and both the future lines of research and limitations of the work are exposed (§6.2.2).