Integration of marine habitat information into the study of fish ecologynew approaches for ecosystem based fisheries management

Abstract

The overexploitation of marine living resources challenges the scientific community for developing new analytical approaches providing effective tools for marine management, ensuring long-term conservation of the harvested and threatened species. Currently, the scientific efforts are mainly focused on the development of techniques and concepts to improve the assessment and management of these populations from a holistic point of view within the framework of the Ecosystem Based Management (EBM). While the principles and objectives of EBM have been accepted by the scientific community and those responsible for the management of the fisheries and conservation, there is not a consensus about how it should be implemented. One of the decisive reasons hindering its implementation is the complexity related to the modeling of complex socio-ecological systems, which covers from environmentally driven effects to social aspects in the management. Focusing on key processes of ecosystems such as the relationships between species ecological processes and essential habitats offers a path to advance towards the implementation of EBM without having to reach the development of excessively complex end-to-end models of an ecosystem. The research developed along this PhD has two main objectives. 1) the application of new concepts and techniques to improve the characterization of essential habitats of two top predator species, the dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus, Lowe 1834) and the Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus, Linnaeus 1758). 2) To propose new methodologies based on habitat information to improve current assessment and management approaches of those species. Conservation of dusky grouper and Atlantic bluefin tuna exploited populations is tackled today from different technical approaches due to differences in their ecological characteristics. Dusky grouper is a highly resident species that inhabits rocky bottoms in coastal Mediterranean ecosystems, where conservation of exploited populations through the establishment of marine protected areas has provided positive results. Atlantic bluefin tuna is a highly migratory pelagic species with a wide geographical distribution along the Atlantic waters, and performs long migrations during spring to reach the spawning areas, among of which the Balearic Sea is one of the main ones. Management of Atlantic Bluefin tuna is approached mainly by technical measures such as minimum weight regulation and limitations in the total allowable catches, established as a function of the status of the adult stock populations calculated from virtual population analysis. In recent years the application of traditional landscape ecology techniques to characterize habitat in the coastal environment has promoted the beginning of the seascape ecology discipline. These techniques have been applied here to improve the definition of dusky grouper essential habitats and to identify changes in habitat use along ontogenetic development. The definition of dusky grouper habitats at different developmental stages provided insights about the species ecology and provided criteria for designing more efficient Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Findings from the study of dusky grouper essential habitat and the improvement on habitat definition by using seascape metrics provide the basis for developing new methods for MPA design within the framework of Rapid Assessment Programs. Therefore, in this PhD a method is proposed for rapid multidisciplinary environmental assessment of coastal areas for the design and management of MPAs. This method provide tools for the selection, design and management of coastal MPAs when time, budget or potential human pressures, either alone or in combination, create an urgent need for prioritization. The conceptual scheme applied to link littoral species with essential habitats and the transference to management has been adapted to the pelagic environment. Transferring ideas and techniques of seascape ecology to the pelagic realm was not straightforward. New pelagic seascape metrics have been proposed and tested to study the Atlantic Bluefin tuna spawning habitats around the Balearic Sea, advancing in the knowledge of species ecology. The developed pelagic seascape metrics have been applied to the development of a spawning habitat forecasting model to assist managers. This methodology is entirely based on oceanographic data obtained from operational data sources. Finally, monitoring and modeling Atlantic bluefin tuna pelagic essential habitats at larval stages allowed developing new larval indices, providing information on Atlantic bluefin tuna adult eastern stock population.